I found this comparison chart interesting in how it compares some different aspects of different religions and spiritual movements (sorry that it doesn't translate too cleanly to the blog format).
Aspect | Aztec Religion | Aboriginal Spirituality | Zulu Religion | Siberian Shamanism | Hasidic Judaism | Buddhism | Babylonian Religion | Christianity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of Belief | Polytheistic; gods tied to nature, war, and creation | Animistic; spirits in land & Dreaming ancestors | Monotheistic creator (distant) + ancestor worship | Animistic; spirits everywhere; shamanic mediation | Strict monotheism (Judaism) | Non-theistic; focus on enlightenment | Polytheistic; gods tied to nature and celestial bodies | Monotheistic; belief in Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit) |
| Supreme Being(s) | Huitzilopochtli, Quetzalcoatl, Tlaloc | No single god; Ancestral Beings guide world | uNkulunkulu (creator), distant | Sky Father, Mother Earth, spirit beings | God (Hashem) | No creator god; Buddha is teacher | Marduk, Ishtar, Ea, Tiamat | God (Trinity) |
| View of Ancestors | Honored; some deified | Ancestors present in Dreaming | Central; guide and protect | Ancestors assist shamans | Honored; righteous teachers revered | No ancestor worship | Minimal; humans serve gods | Honored but secondary to God; saints venerated in some traditions |
| Creation Beliefs | Five Suns myth; cyclical creation/destruction | Dreaming stories; ancestors shaped land | Creator made humans, then withdrew | Creation from world tree or cosmic egg | God created world ex nihilo | Universe is cyclical; focus on liberation | Creation from primordial chaos; humans from gods’ blood | God created universe; Jesus as agent of creation |
| Connection to Nature | Strong; gods tied to natural forces | Very strong; land is sacred, songlines map spirituality | Strong; nature spirits and sacred sites | Very strong; all nature alive with spirits | Nature respected but not divine | Nature impermanent, respected | Nature governed by gods | God’s creation; humans steward creation |
| Key Rituals | Human sacrifice, festivals, temple worship | Storytelling, dance, initiation ceremonies | Sacrifices, ancestor rituals | Trance journeys, spirit offerings, healing | Prayer, Torah study, blessings, mysticism | Meditation, chanting, mindfulness | Temple offerings, divination, magic | Prayer, sacraments (baptism, communion), worship services |
| Religious Leaders | Priests | Elders, custodians of Dreaming | Sangomas, inyangas | Shamans | Rabbis, Rebbes | Monks, nuns, teachers | Priests, diviners | Priests, pastors, ministers, clergy |
| Afterlife Beliefs | Fate based on manner of death; multiple realms | Spirit returns to Dreaming; cyclical | Join ancestors; continue influence | Souls travel to spirit world | Heaven, resurrection, messianic era | Rebirth cycle until nirvana | Shadowy underworld (Irkalla) | Heaven for believers; hell for separation from God; resurrection of dead |
| Sacred Texts | Codices (mostly destroyed) | Oral tradition, art, songlines | Oral tradition | Oral tradition, shamanic lore | Torah, Talmud, mystical texts | Sutras, Vinaya, Abhidharma | Tablets, hymns, epic texts | Bible (Old + New Testament) |
| Key Goal | Maintain cosmic balance | Live in harmony with land & ancestors | Honor ancestors, stay in spiritual balance | Balance spirits, heal, protect community | Cleave to God, follow Torah | End suffering; achieve enlightenment | Serve gods, maintain cosmic order | Salvation, eternal life with God; live according to Jesus’ teachings |
| Time Concept | Cyclical eras (Five Suns) | Dreaming is timeless, ever-present | Linear life, ongoing ancestor presence | Cyclical, spirit journeys | Linear history with messianic hope | Cyclical rebirth until liberation | Linear and cosmic cycles | Linear history with creation, fall, redemption, Second Coming |